Ubuntu常见操作02

本文记录一下使用Ubuntu操作系统时的常见操作:

1.sed命令中的.字符。.用于匹配除换行符之外的任意单个字符,它必须匹配一个字符。通过这种形式加上正则表达式的贪婪匹配(匹配符合模式的最长字符串)可以进行如下替换操作:

其命令为`head scores2.txt | sed ‘s#.*/##’。

参考资料:

  1. 《Linux命令行于shell脚本编程大全》第三版20.2.4点号字符

2.删除文件时出现`cannot remove:device or resource busy`: ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tom89757/ImageHost/main/hexo/20221123001238.png) 解决方案: - `lsof +D /path`:查看当前路径下哪些进程占用文件 - `kill -9 $PID`:关闭对应进程id - `rm -rf ./*`:重新尝试删除文件 一行命令实现: `lsof +D ./ | awk '{print $2}' | tail -n +2 | xargs -r kill -9` 类似命令: `ps -ef | grep FT | awk '{print $2}' | xargs -r kill -9` > 参考资料: > 1. [files - How to get over "device or resource busy"? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11238/how-to-get-over-device-or-resource-busy)
3.bash脚本中的字符串比较:
if [[ "$dir" == "image" ]]; then
	img=DUTS/$dir/$line".jpg"
else
	img=DUTS/$dir/$line".png"
fi
> 参考资料: > 1. [Bash shell字符串比较 | myfreax](https://www.myfreax.com/how-to-compare-strings-in-bash/#:~:text=%E5%9C%A8Bash%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%B2%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B,%E4%BD%A0%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E4%B8%8E%20%5B%20%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E3%80%82) > 2. [Bash Shell字符串比较入门_Linux教程_Linux公社-Linux系统门户网站](https://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2019-05/158678.htm)
4.由于Windows系统和Linux系统中换行符的差异(前者为\n\r,后者为\n),在WSL进行批量处理时可能出现以下问题: ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tom89757/ImageHost/main/hexo/20221203144329.png) 其解决方式是,在遍历时进行`sed`替换操作替换掉`\r`:
cat img_1000.txt | sed 's/\r//' | while read line
do
    img=./image/$line".jpg"
    cp $img ./DUTS1000/
    # echo "$img"
done

5.`awk`指令。 - 打印第4列:`cat test.txt | awk '{print $4}'` - 打印第1,3列:`cat test.txt | awk '{print $1, $3}'` > 参考资料: > 1. [Fetching Title#90mq](https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-comm-awk.html)
6.sed指令匹配模式,并替换模式中的一部分,保留剩余部分(向后查找,回溯):
sed 's/hello \(world\)/hi \1/' file.txt
可以将`hello world`替换为`hi world`。
7.由于Linux和Windows系统中换行符的差异,有时需要将`\r`替换为空字符。
$ cat test.txt | sed 's/\r//' >a.txt
$ sort b.txt a.txt a.txt | uniq -u > b-a.txt

8.使用FreePic2Pdf给书制作目录时,从豆瓣或使用OCR对应的目录txt文本往往如下图所示:
第1章 基础:逻辑和证明 1
1.1 命题逻辑 1
1.1.1 引言 1
1.1.2 命题 1
1.1.3 条件语句 4
1.1.4 复合命题的真值表 7
1.1.5 逻辑运算符的优先级 8
根据FreePic2Pdf要求,需要将末尾的" "(空格)+数字转换为"\t"(tab键)+数字。此时可以使用vim中的替换(使用子模式匹配),命令如下:
/\v( )([0-9]**)$
先使用上述正则语法,然后回车找到末尾的`( )(页码)$`模式;
:%s//\t\2
再使用上述的替换命令,将页码前的空格替换为`\t`。 同样可以使用类似命令在行首添加`\t`:
/\v^([0-9]*).([0-9]*) #末尾包含空格
:%s//\t\1.\2 #末尾包含空格
更精准的做法是:
/\v^([0-9]{1,2}.[0-9]{1.2} ) #末尾包含空格,{1,2}表示匹配12:%s//\t\1
还可以使用`^`排除匹配:
/\v^([^第\t]) #[^第\t]表示排除对"第""\t"的匹配
:%s//\t\1
> 参考资料: > 1. 《Vim实用技巧》技巧94 > 2. [VIM学习笔记 正则表达式-进阶 (Regular Expression Advanced)](http://yyq123.github.io/learn-vim/learn-vi-82-RegularExpressionAdv.html)
9.当使用pip或者conda安装新的package时,可能出现"No Space Left on Device"。此时推荐的做法是本文档的第2点,杀掉自己的所有进程然后重新连接服务器。下面查找到的其它的方法均需要root权限,并不推荐。 > 参考资料: > 1. [Top 3 Ways to Fix “No Space Left on Device” Error in Linux](https://helpdeskgeek.com/linux-tips/top-3-ways-to-fix-no-space-left-on-device-error-in-linux/) > 2. [How to Fix the "No Space Left on Device" Error on Linux - Make Tech Easier](https://www.maketecheasier.com/fix-linux-no-space-left-on-device-error/) > 3. [privileges - lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/171519/lsof-warning-cant-stat-fuse-gvfsd-fuse-file-system)
10.当使用`grep`指令时,搭配正则表达式,例如或运算:
grep 'fatal\|error\|critical' /var/log/nginx/error.log # 使用\转义
grep -E 'fatal|error|critical' /var/log/nginx/error.log
> 参考资料: > 1. [Linux grep中的正则表达式Regex | myfreax](https://www.myfreax.com/regular-expressions-in-grep/)
11.Ubuntu卸载软件:
sudo apt-get remove lua5.3 #只去除lua5.3
sudo apt-get remove --auto-remove lua5.3 #去除lua5.3及其依赖packages
sudo apt-get purge lua5.3 # 使用purge,所有配置和依赖packages将被移除
sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove lua5.3 # 使用auto remove选项时,将根据该package来去除,在你想要重装时很有用
> 参考资料: > 1. [在ubuntu系统中删除软件的三种最佳方法_51CTO博客_ubuntu 卸载软件](https://blog.51cto.com/u_168360/2407085) > 2. [server - How to completely remove virtual packages? - Ask Ubuntu](https://askubuntu.com/questions/207505/how-to-completely-remove-virtual-packages) > 3. [How to uninstall or remove lua5.3 software package from Ubuntu 17.04 (Zesty Zapus)](https://www.thelinuxfaq.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-17-04-zesty-zapus/lua5.3?type=uninstall)
12.Ubuntu源配置: 1. 备份sources.list文件,然后删除
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bat
2. 新建sources.list,将下述参考资料2中的源地址复制到其中:
# 默认注释了源码仓库,如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源,不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
3. 运行`sudo apt-get update`对源进行更新 > 参考资料: > 1. [Ubuntu 20.04系统下更改apt源为阿里源 - 知乎](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/251009600) > 2. [USTC Open Source Software Mirror](http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/) > 3. [Ubuntu 源使用帮助 — USTC Mirror Help 文档](http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html)
13.修改用户名和密码 1. 使用`wsl -u root`登录root用户 2. 执行如下命令:
usermod -l <newname> -d /home/<newname> -m <oldname>
usermod -c "newfullname" <newname>
groupmod -n <newgroup> <oldgroup>
> 参考资料: > 1. [permissions - How do I change my username? - Ask Ubuntu](https://askubuntu.com/questions/34074/how-do-i-change-my-username) > 2. [Linux usermod user is currently used by process - Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28972503/linux-usermod-user-is-currently-used-by-process) > 3. [linux - How to set default user for manually installed WSL distro? - Super User](https://superuser.com/questions/1566022/how-to-set-default-user-for-manually-installed-wsl-distro)
14.查看文件和文件夹大小: - 查看文件大小:`ls -l filename` - 查看文件夹大小:`du -sh folder` - 查看磁盘使用情况:`df -h`

参考资料:

  1. Ubuntu查看文件大小或文件夹大小_jackliang的博客-CSDN博客_ubuntu 文件大小

15.卸载java
dpkg-query -W -f='${binary:Package}\n' | grep -E -e '^(ia32-)?(sun|oracle)-java' -e '^openjdk-' -e '^icedtea' -e '^(default|gcj)-j(re|dk)' -e '^gcj-(.*)-j(re|dk)' -e '^java-common' | xargs sudo apt-get -y remove

sudo apt-get -y autoremove
> 参考资料: > 1. [How to completely uninstall Java? - Ask Ubuntu](https://askubuntu.com/questions/84483/how-to-completely-uninstall-java#)
16.改造`rm`命令,删除文件至回收站:

参考资料:

  1. linux - 改造rm命令,删除文件至回收站 - 不足 - SegmentFault 思否
  2. GitHub - andreafrancia/trash-cli: Command line interface to the freedesktop.org trashcan.

17.定期清空某个文件夹

参考资料:

  1. linux定时删除N天前的文件(文件夹) - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云
  2. command line - Removing files older than 7 days - Ask Ubuntu

18.Ubuntu配置ssh免输密码: - `ssh-keygen`:在本地机器上生成密钥对,`id_rsa.pub`和`id_rsa`。在`~/.ssh/`目录下。更改`id_rsa` 私钥权限,`chmod 600 id_rsa`。 - `ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@host`:将本地公钥`id_rsa.pub`写入远程host的`~/.ssh`目录下的`authorized_keys`文件。如果远程host没有`.ssh`目录手动进行创建。更改`authorized_keys`文件权限,`chmod 755 authorized_keys`。 - 尝试本地登录,如果无法免密码登录,更改远程host上`/home/user`目录权限,`chmod 700 /home/user`。 > 参考资料: > 1. [Getting Started With SSH in Linux](https://linuxhandbook.com/ssh-basics/) > 2. [How to Add SSH Public Key to Server](https://linuxhandbook.com/add-ssh-public-key-to-server/) > 3. [Why am I still getting a password prompt with ssh with public key authentication? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/36540/why-am-i-still-getting-a-password-prompt-with-ssh-with-public-key-authentication) > 4. [ssh-copy-id succeeded, but still prompt password input - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/407394/ssh-copy-id-succeeded-but-still-prompt-password-input) > 5. [VSCode远程连接服务器 免密登录(ssh key) | 烟雨平生](https://i007it.com/2022/07/14/VSCode%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8-%E5%85%8D%E5%AF%86%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95/)
19.vnc viewer和vnc server搭配使用。 - 先使用`vncserver`在远程服务器上生成对应端口号 - 在本地机器上建立`host:port`的连接 > 参考资料: > 1. [linux中如何开启vnc服务端口,Linux下vnc配置及启动_听亭亭的博客-CSDN博客](https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30125993/article/details/116636925?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-2~default~baidujs_baidulandingword~default-1-116636925-blog-107807058.pc_relevant_3mothn_strategy_recovery&spm=1001.2101.3001.4242.2&utm_relevant_index=4)
20.使用`rm`删除文件时排除某个文件:

参考资料:

  1. Remove all files/directories except for one file

21.Ubuntu复制命令行输出到剪切板的工具。 工具:xclip 安装过程: - 从参考资料4下载并解压得到xclip文件夹 - 进入xclip文件夹,运行`./configure --prefix=/storage/FT/.local`指定安装文件夹。 - `make`进行编译 - 通过`su`切换到root用户 - `make install`和`make install.man`安装xclip和man page,分别安装在`/storage/FT/.local/bin`和`/storage/FT/.local/man`目录下。 - 编辑`.bashrc`将该路径加入到PATH中:
export PATH="/storage/FT/.local/bin:$PATH"
- 编辑`.bashrc`添加alias:
alias clip='xclip -se c'
- 此时即可通过`pwd | clip`复制当前路径。 PS:但在VSCode终端中会出现如下报错。 ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tom89757/ImageHost/main/hexo/20230418225219.png)

参考资料 :

  1. software recommendation - A command-line clipboard copy and paste utility? - Ask Ubuntu
  2. xclip/INSTALL at master · milki/xclip · GitHub
  3. How to install xclip on Ubuntu
  4. xclip download | SourceForge.net
  5. linux - Make install, but not to default directories? - Stack Overflow

22.VSCode中使用bash连接远程服务器时,运行上述`pwd | clip`出现如下报错(MobaXterm中不报错): ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tom89757/ImageHost/main/hexo/20230418225219.png) 根据参考资料4中下述描述: ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Tom89757/ImageHost/main/hexo/20230419002605.png) 在MobaXterm中`$DISPLAY`生效,但在VSCode中打开的bash终端中`$DISPLAY`并未生效。只需: - 在MobaXterm中通过`echo $DISPLAY`查看`$DISPLAY`环境变量的值。(若没有,通过`cat /etc/resolv.conf`查看`nameserver`的值) - 在`.bashrc`中添加:
export DISPLAY='localhost:29.0'
- `source ~/.bashrc`使之生效。 > 参考资料: > 1. [xclip fails with Error: Can't open display: (null) · Issue #4933 · microsoft/WSL · GitHub](https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/4933) > 2. [How do I fix a "cannot open display" error when opening an X program after ssh'ing with X11 forwarding enabled? - Super User](https://superuser.com/questions/310197/how-do-i-fix-a-cannot-open-display-error-when-opening-an-x-program-after-sshi) > 3. [linux - Error: Can't open display: (null) when using Xclip to copy ssh public key - Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18695934/error-cant-open-display-null-when-using-xclip-to-copy-ssh-public-key) > 4. [linux - Error: Can't open display: (null) when using Xclip to copy ssh public key - Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18695934/error-cant-open-display-null-when-using-xclip-to-copy-ssh-public-key)
22.Ubuntu系统复制粘贴: VSCode终端窗口中可以使用`Ctrl+Shift+C/V`进行复制粘贴; MobaXterm可以使用`Ctrl+C`进行复制,鼠标右键进行粘贴。
23.Ubuntu从源码编译安装,安装到指定文件夹:
./configure --prefix=/storage/FT/.local
> 参考资料: > 1. [linux - Make install, but not to default directories? - Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3239343/make-install-but-not-to-default-directories)
24.`tar`解压文件夹:

参考资料:

  1. Linux tar 命令 | 菜鸟教程

25.设置alias > 参考资料: > 1. [Bash alias with piping - Super User](https://superuser.com/questions/407104/bash-alias-with-piping)
26.设置时区。· `ls -lh`和`date`命令显示的时间不同。 > 参考资料: > 1. [linux - ls and date showing different file dates - Super User](https://superuser.com/questions/908157/ls-and-date-showing-different-file-dates) > 2. [How to set or change timezone in linux](https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-set-or-change-timezone-in-linux/) > 3. [关于Linux中ls -l显示时间不全的问题_nui111的博客-CSDN博客](https://blog.csdn.net/nui111/article/details/42275481)
27.使用`ln -s`将`dotfiles`仓库中的文件链接到`~`。
ln -s /mnt/d/Desktop/dotfiles/wsl/.zshrc ~/.zshrc
ln -s /mnt/d/Desktop/dotfiles/wsl/.bash_aliases ~/.bash_aliases
ln -s /mnt/d/Desktop/dotfiles/wsl/.bash_path ~/.bash_path
ln -s /mnt/d/Desktop/dotfiles/wsl/.bashrc ~/.bashrc
ln -s /mnt/d/Desktop/dotfiles/wsl/.vimrc ~/.vimrc
ln -s /mnt/d/Desktop/dotfiles/wsl/.vim/colors/monokai.vim ~/.vim/colors/monokai.vim

28.Linux的内存统计:

参考资料:

  1. 聊聊 Linux 的内存统计 | 浅墨的部落格